Certificación de Amazon Web Services: Solutions Architect - Associate

Amazon Web Services (AWS) ha puesto en marcha su programa de certificación profesional y la primera de ellas está disponible para pasar examen: AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate Level.  El examen se realiza en los centros Kryterion y en su red de asociados. En España las dos únicas opciones son Madrid y Barcelona y tiene un coste de 150$. El temario está detallado públicamente en el Exam Guide y se realiza en inglés.

Según se desprende de la información publicada, en el road-map hay previstas un total de tres certificaciones: Solutions Architect (la comentada aquí) y las futuras SysOps Administrator y Developer. La intención es crear 3 roles distintos para agrupar dentro de cada uno de ellos los distintos profesionales que utilizan los servicios de AWS. Una certificación profesional tiene como principal misión facilitar la elección de profesionales por la parte de empleadores y facilitar la elección de empresas de servicios por parte de clientes. Una certificación nos asegura unos mínimos de competencia que nos ahorrar tiempo a la hora de escoger a nuestros empleados y a nuestros proveedores.

Es importante destacar que como suele ser común en las certificaciones de empresas tecnológicas, cada una de ellas dispondrá de varios niveles. AWS tiene previsto tres niveles: Associate, Professional y Master para cada una de ellas. Mi interpretación de estos niveles, basándome en mi experiencia previa con otras empresas, sería la siguiente:
- El primer nivel es una puerta de entrada y la mayoría de técnicos con un conocimiento amplio del producto pueden optar a él. El examen es completamente teórico. Es fácil.
- El segundo demuestra un conocimiento profundo del producto y suelen poseerlo profesionales que se relacionan con esa tecnología frecuentemente en su día a día laboral. El examen además de teoría suele incluir ejercicios prácticos donde se simulan tareas que el profesional se encontrará en el mundo real pero con una cantidad de tiempo limitado para resolverlos. Es difícil.
- El tercer nivel nos indica un experto donde la totalidad de su desempeño profesional está ligado al producto al que hace referencia la certificación. Sus conocimientos están por encima de lo necesario para el uso completo de esa tecnología y se aproxima más aun profesor que a un experto. El examen suele ser completamente práctico y suele realizarse en las oficinas centrales de la empresa supervisado por personal directamente relacionado con la creación de dicha tecnología. Es extremadamente difícil.

Estoy ansioso de que estén disponibles las nuevas certificaciones y el siguiente nivel para Solutions Architect. Invito a todos los profesionales relacionados con la ingeniería de sistemas y el cloud computing a seguir de cerca esta certificación ya que se convertirá muy pronto en un nuevo estandard de nuestra industria.


Actualización 8-Oct-2013
Certification Roadmap AWS Certified Solutions Architect, Developer and SysOps Administrator

Where is GoogleBot?

Due the importance of SEO and the relevance of Google search engine is not uncommon to hear this question in a meeting: From where GoogleBot crawler crawls our site? Design and investment decisions are made based on the answer to that question. Is a popular believe that Google Inc. crawler GoogleBot resides at California, USA but I'm afraid this is not accurate.

I've discovered this:

- GoogleBot is not only a bunch of servers (obviously). It is a very big distributed cluster with hundreds of machines. My site is indexed from more than 900 different Google IP addresses every day.
- I've identified 7 different GoogleBot crawling clusters.
- They seem to connect to my site from 6 different locations.
- Almost all of them are in USA but one location is Europe.

Origin IP

With access to your web site log files you can "grep" the string "http://www.google.com/bot.html" on the referrer field and find out which IP GoogleBot is using when it pays you a visit. There are some other malicious crawlers that fake their referrer as GoogleBot but they're easily spotted. Google Inc. owns the Autonomous System AS15169 and its connections come from there. In my case I got connections from those IP ranges below, during the last six months:

66.249.72.xxx   66.249.73.xxx  66.249.74.xxx  66.249.75.xxx  66.249.76.xxx  66.249.78.xxx  66.249.80.xxx  66.249.81.xxx  66.249.82.xxx  66.249.83.xxx  66.249.84.xxx  66.249.85.xxx

Google advises that the way to find out if an Origin IP belongs to GoogleBot is to do a reverse DNS resolution and look for crawl-xx-xxx-xx-xxx.googlebot.com in the result.
Applying that the final list to work with is:

66.249.72.xxx 1.72.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-72-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.73.xxx 1.73.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-73-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.74.xxx 1.74.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-74-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.75.xxx 1.75.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-75-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.76.xxx 1.76.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-76-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.77.xxx 1.77.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-77-1.googlebot.com. 66.249.78.xxx 1.78.249.66.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer crawl-66-249-78-1.googlebot.com.

I don't take into account the networks 66.249.80.xxx, 66.249.81.xxx, etc. because seem to be used by Feedfetcher-Google and Mediapartners-Google (AdSense) and that's out of the scope of this post.

Latency = Hint

Nowadays is tricky to know where a IP is located when it belongs to a big network. Anycast routing method (like the one used with the popular Google Public DNS Service 8.8.8.8) becomes a challenge if you want to be certain. Google Inc. IP addresses are administrative located at Mountain View, California and without any further analysis this is the conclusion you will get.

But when I ping those networks from my server (Paris, France), write the obtained round trip times on a table and give a look to the Google Data Centers map... One can guess and approximated geographic location for those GoogleBot clusters:

IPv4 Network	Ping Round Trip	Location
66.249.72.2	92 ms	USA East Coast ?
66.249.73.2	114 ms	USA Mid West ?
66.249.74.2	152 ms	USA West Coast ?
66.249.75.2	96 ms	USA East Coast ?
66.249.76.2	(Not active since  2013-05-29)	Unknown
66.249.77.2	274 ms	Unknown (Not USA nor Europe ?)
66.249.78.2	13 ms	Dublin, Ireland ?

Round Trip milliseconds is not an accurate method to place a system on the map but the answer I'm trying to answer here is whether GoogleBot is at California or not. As you see, there is not a short answer but at least we know that it is spread around different locations within the States and Europe.

Using Varnish Proxy Cache with Amazon Web Service ELB Elastic Load Balancer

Update 19-Feb-2014 ! Elastic Load Balancing Announces Cross-Zone Load Balancing
Maybe this new option makes unnecessary my workaround. Anyone can confirm?


The problem
When putting a Varnish cache in front of an AWS EC2 Elastic Load Balancer weird things happen like: Not getting any traffic to your instance or getting traffic to just one of your instances (in case of Multi Availability Zone (AZ) deployment).

Why?
This has to do with how the ELB is designed and how Varnish is designed. Is not a flaw. Let's call it: Incompatibility.
When you deploy a Elastic Load Balancer into EC2 you access it through a CNAME DNS address. When you deploy an ELB in front of multiple instances in multiple Availability Zones that CNAME is not a DNS address, is many.

Example:

$ dig www.netflix.com ; <<>> DiG 9.8.1-P1 <<>> www.netflix.com ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 64502 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 4, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;www.netflix.com. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: www.netflix.com. 300 IN CNAME dualstack.wwwservice--frontend-san-756424683.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. dualstack.wwwservice--frontend-san-756424683.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. 60 IN A 184.73.248.59 dualstack.wwwservice--frontend-san-756424683.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. 60 IN A 107.22.235.237 dualstack.wwwservice--frontend-san-756424683.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com. 60 IN A 184.73.252.179

As you can see, the answer for this CNAME DNS resolution for Netflix's ELB are 3 different IP addresses. Is up to the application (usually your Internet Web Browser) to decide which to use. Different clients will chose different IPs (they are not always sorted the same way) and this will balance the traffic among different AZs.
The bottom line is that your ELB in real life are multiple instances in multiple AZs and the CNAME mechanism is the method used to balance them.

But Varnish behaves different
And when you specify a CNAME as a Varnish backend server (the destination server where Varnish requests will be send to) it will translate that into only one IP. Despite the amount of IP addresses associated with that CNAME. It will only chose one and use that one for all its activity. Therefore Varnish and AWS ELB are not compatible. (Would you like to suggest a change?)

The Solution
Put a NGINX web server between Varnish and the ELB, acting as a load balancer. I know, not elegant. but works and once is in place no maintenance is needed and the process overhead for the Varnish server is minimum.

Setup
- Varnish server listening on TCP port 80 and configured to send all its requests to 127.0.0.1:8080
- NGINX server listening on TCP port 127.0.0.1:8080 and sending all its requests to our EC2 ELB.

Basic configuration (using AWS EC2 AMI Linux)

yum update
reboot

yum install varnish
yum install nginx

chkconfig varnish on
chkconfig nginx on

Varnish

vim /etc/sysconfig/varnish

Locate the line:
VARNISH_LISTEN_PORT=6081
and change if for
VARNISH_LISTEN_PORT=80

vim /etc/varnish/default.vcl

Locate the backend default configuration and change port from 80 to 8080

backend default {   .host = "127.0.0.1";   .port = "8080"; }

NGINX

vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Get rid of the default configuration file and use this example:

worker_processes  1; events {     worker_connections  1024; } http {     include       mime.types;     default_type  application/octet-stream;     keepalive_timeout  65;     server_tokens off; server {     listen       localhost:8080;     location / {      ### Insert below your ELB DNS Name leaving the semicolon at the end of the line      proxy_pass  http://<<<<Insert-here-your-ELB-DNS-Name>>>>;      proxy_set_header Host $http_host;    } } }

Restart
service varnish restart
service nginx restart

And voila! Comments and improvement are welcome.

Thanks to
Jordi and Àlex for your help!


Update 19-Feb-2014 ! Elastic Load Balancing Announces Cross-Zone Load Balancing
Maybe this new option makes unnecessary my workaround. Anyone can confirm?

AWS Diagrams Adobe Illustrator Object Collection: First Release

Due to popular demand I've decided to release the collection of vector graphics objects I use to draw Amazon Web Services architecture diagrams. This is the first release and more are on the way. This is an Adobe Illustrator CS5 (.AI) file. I've obtained this artwork from the original AWS Architecture PDF files published at the AWS Architecture Center.
You can use Adobe Illustrator to open this file and to create your diagrams or you can export these objects to SVG format and use GNU software to work with them. The file has been saved in "PDF Compatibility Mode" so plenty of utilities can import it without the need of using Adobe Illustrator (With Inkscape for instance).

Disclaimer:
- I provide this content as it is. No further support of any kind can be provided. I'd love to receive your comments and suggestions but I can not help you drawing diagrams.
- As far as I know this content is not copyrighted (1). Feel free to use it.
- Those designs have been created by a brilliant and extraordinary person that works in AWS. I'm just a channel of communication here. All credits should go to him.

Download link: http://bit.ly/17rkyCo

And that's it. Comments are welcome. Have fun and enjoy!

Amazon Web Services Google Maps: World Domination Map

(View Amazon Web Services AWS in a larger map)

"I love it when a plan comes together", John "Hannibal" Smith

Enjoy! :)

Backing up Ubuntu Using Deja Dup and Amazon Web Services S3

Ubuntu includes a nice backup tool called Déjà Dup based on Duplicity that gives us just the options we need to handle our home backups. With just a couple of settings we can use Amazon Web Services S3 as device for those backups.


S3 Bucket and Credentials

If none specified, Deja-Dup will automatically create a bucket in S3 using our credentials. This will happen at the default AWS Region (North Virginia). If you need your backups placed elsewhere (a closer region for example) you should manually create a S3 bucket for that purpose.

You need to create an AWS IAM user with S3 privileges and export its credentials to be used with Deja-Dup.


Install Additional Packages

By default the Ubuntu backup utility does't recognize AWS S3 as Backup Storage. We need these additional packages:

# sudo apt-get install python-boto # sudo apt-get install python-cloudfiles

S3 configuration

Open Déjà-Dup (Backup) and select the Storage menu. If the additional packages are correctly installed you should have "Amazon S3" as an available Backup Location. Select it and type your S3 Key and the folder your like to store your laptop backup.

You should see something like the capture above. Close the Backup utility.


Bucket Configuration

To tell Déjà-Dup the bucket name we want to use we need dconf. Execute dconf or install it if needed (sudo apt-get install dconf-tools).

Access to  / org / gnome / deja-dup / s3  folder:

Substitute the random generated Deja-Dup bucket name by yours and close dconf.


Backup Launch

Start again Deja-Dup and launch your backup. A pop-up window will appear asking you for the S3 Secret Access Key. My suggestion is to select to remember those credentials to avoid the need of typing them every time.

And the rest of the backup process is standard: Pop-up window asking you for a password to encrypt the backup files, scan progress window, etc.
I suggest you to check after a successful backup whether the duplicity files are in the expected S3 Bucket or not. And pay attention to the "Folders to Ignore" Backup setting to avoid copying unnecessary files. S3 is cheap but is not free.